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Ionization gauges convert residual molecules to positively charged ions, and then attract them to a negatively charged collector where they create a measurable current. Modifications to high vacuum ionization gauges can optimize their performance at a very low pressure.
Agilent 2 Minute Tutorial - Identifying Virtual Leaks in UHV Systems
Agilent 2 Minute Tutorial - Measuring Ultrahigh Vacuum Pressure
Agilent 2 Minute Tutorial - Combining Vacuum Sensors to Make Wide Range Gauges
Agilent 2 Minute Tutorial - Using Ion Pump Current to Measure UHV Pressure
Agilent 2 Minute Tutorial - Material Preparation and Cleaning for Ultrahigh Vacuum
How to change the Tip Seals in an Agilent IDP-15 Dry Scroll Pump